1. Infrared radiation is
mostly heat energy. Exposure to it is not as harmful as exposure to ultraviolet
light. Ultraviolet light is the most energetic form of sun radiation and it can
cause sunburns, skin cancer, and can even sterilize materials by killing
bacteria and destroying viruses.
2. Visible solar radiation
provides the energy needed for photosynthesis and it is the red visible
scattering of light during sunset that makes sunsets look red.
3. Less water vapor leads
to less greenhouse gas because there is water vapor in dry and arid regions.
Infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere from
the entering of UV and visible light that is transformed into IR radiation in
clouds. The visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the
earth is used to heat earth. This results in wider air-temperature fluctuations
from night to day.
4. (a) The daytime
temperatures would be much cooler, because with less greenhouse gases there is
less infrared radiation stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere. Less
stored heat energy would enter throughout the day. (b) Without stored heat
energy in the atmosphere, nights would be very cold.
1. 1 kg.
2. 0.40 L of fuel.
3. 72 L of fuel would be
consumed.
4. Atmospheric CO2 levels
have increased due to clearing forests, combustion of cuttings and scrap
timber, and the burning of fossil fuels.
5. No, because enough
fossil fuel gas is naturally produced on its own.
6. The policy may seem
necessary to some people in order to preserve the prevent pollution to help the
atmosphere.
1. A hydrocarbon is a
molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
2. Petroleum is a
nonrenewable resource and a material that is used as fuel that can be converted
to gasoline. It can be used as heat sources, deliver energy to generate
electricity, generate energy, and produce useful every day products.
3. Oil is crude because it
is pumped from underground and using it in a natural state without some degree
of refinement where it is separated into simpler mixtures is not possible
(through fractional distillation).
6. (a) 2,200,000
barrels (b) 17,800,000 barrels
7. Heating and cooking
fuel, petrochemicals, kerosene, diesel fuel oil, lubricating oil, grease, heavy
oils, wax, petroleum jelly, road oils, asphalt, and petroleum coke.
8. (a) Water
bottle, sports equipment, clothing, and others. (b) A water
bottle can be made out of aluminum. Clothing can be made of cotton. Limbs can
be made out of copper.
10. (a) The Middle East
has the most petroleum. (b) Central Asia, Far East, and
Oceania have the least petroleum.
11. (a) Central
Asia, North America, Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern
Europe consume more petroleum than they possess. (b) The
Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America consume a smaller proportion
of petroleum than they possess.
12. When two liquids are
insoluble with each other density separates them.
13. Water and acetone are
the easiest to separate from each other by distillation. Water has the highest
boiling point and acetone has the lowest of the four substances.
15.
16. Fractional
distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil. It produces
fractions. Fractional distillation is a process that consists of a
distillation column and different temperatures in order to separate solutions.
Simple distillation uses evaporation and condensation.
17.
-Light: motor gasoline and
refined oil
-Intermediate: Gas oil,
furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil.
-Heavy: Grease, heavy oils
and wax, and cracking stock.
18. The highest boiling
point range would be removed at the bottom. This is because they are thick
liquids that never vaporize. They drain from the tower’s base.
19. After fractional
distillation use distillation.
20. Methane, pentane,
hexane, and octane. The higher the boiling point, the stronger the
intermolecular forces are between the molecules.
21. A covalent bond is the
sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, which allows both
atoms to fill their outer shells completely.
22. Atoms with filled
electrons are stable and tend to be chemically uncreative. Noble gases are
atoms with filled outer electron shells so they are not reactive because they
do not loose or gain electrons.
23. They should share it
just like repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are
still connected by the bond they share with the sock holding them together.
26. (a) It shows the
makeup of a molecule and how high the boiling point is. A molecular formula
just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula
possesses. (b) The structure of a formula show how strong molecular
bonds within the formula are along with the boiling point of the formula.
27.
(a)
(b)
28. It only shows four
dots because the four dots represent the valence electrons, located on the
outer shell of the atom, where two electrons are located.
29. (a) C9H20
(b) C16H34 (c) C10H22 (d) C18H38
30. (a) 128g (b) 226g
(c) 142g (d) 254g
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